Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
- AFSHIN Ashkan
- SUR Patrick John
- FAY Kairsten A.
- CORNABY Leslie
- FERRARA Giannina
- SALAMA Joseph S.
- MULLANY Erin C.
- ABATE Kalkidan Hassen
- ABBAFATI Cristiana
- ABEBE Zegeye
- AFARIDEH Mohsen
- AGGARWAL Anju
- AGRAWAL Sutapa
- AKINYEMIJU Tomi
- ALAHDAB Fares
- BACHA Umar
- BACHMAN Victoria F.
- BADALI Hamid
- BADAWI Alaa
- BENSENOR Isabela M.
- BERNABE Eduardo
- BIADGILIGN Sibhatu Kassa K.
- BIRYUKOV Stan H.
- CAHILL Leah E.
- CARRERO Juan J.
- CERCY Kelly M.
- DANDONA Lalit
- DANDONA Rakhi
- DANG Anh Kim
- DEGEFA Meaza Girma
- ZAKI Maysaa El Sayed
- ESTEGHAMATI Alireza
- ESTEGHAMATI Sadaf
- FANZO Jessica
- FARINHA Carla Sofia e Sá
- FARVID Maryam S.
- FARZADFAR Farshad
- FEIGIN Valery L.
- FERNANDES Joao C.
- FLOR Luisa Sorio
- FOIGT Nataliya A.
- FOROUZANFAR Mohammad H.
- GANJI Morsaleh
- GELEIJNSE Johanna M.
- GILLUM Richard F.
- GOULART Alessandra C.
- GROSSO Giuseppe
- GUESSOUS Idris
- HAMIDI Samer
- HANKEY Graeme J.
- HARIKRISHNAN Sivadasanpillai
- HASSEN Hamid Yimam
- HAY Simon I.
- HOANG Chi Linh
- HORINO Masako
- ISLAMI Farhad
- JACKSON Maria D.
- JAMES Spencer L.
- JOHANSSON Lars
- JONAS Jost B.
- KASAEIAN Amir
- KHADER Yousef Saleh
- KHALIL Ibrahim A.
- KHANG Young-Ho
- KIMOKOTI Ruth W.
- KOKUBO Yoshihiro
- KUMAR G. Anil
- LALLUKKA Tea
- LOPEZ Alan D.
- LORKOWSKI Stefan
- LOTUFO Paulo A.
- LOZANO Rafael
- MALEKZADEH Reza
- MÄRZ Winfried
- MEIER Toni
- MELAKU Yohannes A.
- MENDOZA Walter
- MENSINK Gert B. M.
- MICHA Renata
- MILLER Ted R.
- MIRAREFIN Mojde
- MOHAN Viswanathan
- MOKDAD Ali H.
- MOZAFFARIAN Dariush
- NAGEL Gabriele
- NAGHAVI Mohsen
- NGUYEN Cuong Tat
- NIXON Molly R.
- ONG Kanyin L.
- PEREIRA David M.
- POUSTCHI Hossein
- QORBANI Mostafa
- RAI Rajesh Kumar
- RAZO-GARCÍA Christian
- REHM Colin D.
- RIVERA Juan A.
- RODRÍGUEZ-RAMÍREZ Sonia
- ROSHANDEL Gholamreza
- ROTH Gregory A.
- SANABRIA Juan
- SÁNCHEZ-PIMIENTA Tania G.
- SARTORIUS Benn
- SCHMIDHUBER Josef
- SCHUTTE Aletta Elisabeth
- SEPANLOU Sadaf G.
- SHIN Min-Jeong
- SORENSEN Reed J. D.
- SPRINGMANN Marco
- SZPONAR Lucjan
- THORNE-LYMAN Andrew L.
- THRIFT Amanda G.
- TOUVIER Mathilde
- TRAN Bach Xuan
- TYROVOLAS Stefanos
- UKWAJA Kingsley Nnanna
- ULLAH Irfan
- UTHMAN Olalekan A.
- VAEZGHASEMI Masoud
- VASANKARI Tommi Juhani
- VOLLSET Stein Emil
- VOS Theo
- VU Giang Thu
- VU Linh Gia
- WEIDERPASS Elisabete
- WERDECKER Andrea
- WIJERATNE Tissa
- WILLETT Walter C.
- WU Jason H.
- XU Gelin
- YONEMOTO Naohiro
- YU Chuanhua
- MURRAY Christopher J. L.
Summary
Background
Suboptimal diet is an important preventable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs); however, its impact on the burden of NCDs has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of major foods and nutrients across 195 countries and to quantify the impact of their suboptimal intake on NCD mortality and morbidity.
Methods
By use of a comparative risk assessment approach, we estimated the proportion of disease-specific burden attributable to each dietary risk factor (also referred to as population attributable fraction) among adults aged 25 years or older. The main inputs to this analysis included the intake of each dietary factor, the effect size of the dietary factor on disease endpoint, and the level of intake associated with the lowest risk of mortality. Then, by use of disease-specific population attributable fractions, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), we calculated the number of deaths and DALYs attributable to diet for each disease outcome.
Findings
In 2017, 11 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 10–12) deaths and 255 million (234–274) DALYs were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium (3 million [1–5] deaths and 70 million [34–118] DALYs), low intake of whole grains (3 million [2–4] deaths and 82 million [59–109] DALYs), and low intake of fruits (2 million [1–4] deaths and 65 million [41–92] DALYs) were the leading dietary risk factors for deaths and DALYs globally and in many countries. Dietary data were from mixed sources and were not available for all countries, increasing the statistical uncertainty of our estimates.
Interpretation
This study provides a comprehensive picture of the potential impact of suboptimal diet on NCD mortality and morbidity, highlighting the need for improving diet across nations. Our findings will inform implementation of evidence-based dietary interventions and provide a platform for evaluation of their impact on human health annually.
Funding
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
- AB - Non-spécifique
- FREDO alimentation humaine
- FREDO santé humaine